Kelvin Probe Microscopy Investigation of Poly-Octylthiophene Aggregates.

Conductive polymers have fundamental relevance as well as novel technological applications in the organic optoelectronics field. Their photophysical and transport properties strongly depend on the molecular arrangement, and nanoscale characterization is needed to fully understand the optoelectronic processes taking place in organic devices. In this work, we study the electrostatic properties of poly-3-octylthiophene isolated structures: disordered low-packed polymer chains and crystalline layered lamellar assemblies. We characterize the electronic ground state using Kelvin probe microscopy. This allows us to resolve a rich variety of surface potential regions that emerge over the different polymer structures. These SP regions are correlated with different molecular aggregates.

Comparison of Predictors and Mortality Between Bloodstream Infections Caused by ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and ESBL-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

OBJECTIVETo compare the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and mortality of patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) versus ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) and to examine the differences in clinical characteristics and outcome between BSIs caused by isolates with CTX-M versus other ESBL genotypesMETHODSAs part of the INCREMENT project, 33 tertiary hospitals in 12 countries retrospectively collected data on adult patients diagnosed with ESBL-EC BSI or ESBL-KP BSI between 2004 and 2013. Risk factors for ESBL-EC versus ESBL-KP BSI and for 30-day mortality were examined by bivariate analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression.RESULTSThe study included 909 patients: 687 with ESBL-EC BSI and 222 with ESBL-KP BSI. ESBL genotype by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 286 isolates was available. ESBL-KP BSI was associated with intensive care unit admission, cardiovascular and neurological comorbidities, length of stay to bacteremia >14 days from admission, and a nonurinary source. Overall, 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with ESBL-KP BSI than ESBL-EC BSI (33.7% vs 17.4%; odds ratio, 1.64; P=.016). CTX-M was the most prevalent ESBL subtype identified (218 of 286 polymerase chain reaction-tested isolates, 76%). No differences in clinical characteristics or in mortality between CTX-M and non-CTX-M ESBLs were detected.CONCLUSIONSClinical characteristics and risk of mortality differ significantly between ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP BSI. Therefore, all ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae should not be considered a homogeneous group. No differences in outcomes between genotypes were detected.CLINICAL TRIALS IDENTIFIERClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT01764490.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:660-667.

Empiric Therapy With Carbapenem-Sparing Regimens for Bloodstream Infections due to Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Results From the INCREMENT Cohort.

BACKGROUND: There is little information about the efficacy of active alternative drugs to carbapenems except ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitors for the treatment of bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E). The objective of this study was to assess the outcomes of patients with BSI due to ESBL-E who received empiric therapy with such drugs (other active drugs [OADs]) or carbapenems. METHODS: A multinational retrospective cohort study of patients with BSI due to ESBL-E who received empiric treatment with OADs or carbapenems was performed. Cox regression including a propensity score for receiving OADs was performed to analyze 30-day all-cause mortality as main outcome. Clinical failure and length of stay were also analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 335 patients were included; 249 received empiric carbapenems and 86 OADs. The most frequent OADs were aminoglycosides (43 patients) and fluoroquinolones (20 patients). Empiric therapy with OADs was not associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], .38-1.48) in the Cox regression analysis. Propensity score-matched pairs, subgroups, and sensitivity analyses did not show different trends; specifically, the adjusted HR for aminoglycosides was 1.05 (95% CI, .51-2.16). OADs were neither associated with 14-day clinical failure (adjusted odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, .29-1.36) nor length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to show that empiric treatment with OAD was associated with a worse outcome compared with carbapenems. This information allows more options to be considered for empiric therapy, at least for some patients, depending on local susceptibility patterns of ESBL-E.

Effect of appropriate combination therapy on mortality of patients with bloodstream infections due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (INCREMENT): a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The best available treatment against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of appropriate therapy and of appropriate combination therapy on mortality of patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to CPE. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included patients with clinically significant monomicrobial BSIs due to CPE from the INCREMENT cohort, recruited from 26 tertiary hospitals in ten countries. Exclusion criteria were missing key data, death sooner than 24 h after the index date, therapy with an active antibiotic for at least 2 days when blood cultures were taken, and subsequent episodes in the same patient. We compared 30 day all-cause mortality between patients receiving appropriate (including an active drug against the blood isolate and started in the first 5 days after infection) or inappropriate therapy, and for patients receiving appropriate therapy, between those receiving active monotherapy (only one active drug) or combination therapy (more than one). We used a propensity score for receiving combination therapy and a validated mortality score (INCREMENT-CPE mortality score) to control for confounders in Cox regression analyses. We stratified analyses of combination therapy according to INCREMENT-CPE mortality score (0-7 [low mortality score] vs 8-15 [high mortality score]). INCREMENT is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01764490. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2013, 480 patients with BSIs due to CPE were enrolled in the INCREMENT cohort, of whom we included 437 (91%) in this study. 343 (78%) patients received appropriate therapy compared with 94 (22%) who received inappropriate therapy. The most frequent organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (375 [86%] of 437; 291 [85%] of 343 patients receiving appropriate therapy vs 84 [89%] of 94 receiving inappropriate therapy) and the most frequent carbapenemase was K pneumoniae carbapenemase (329 [75%]; 253 [74%] vs 76 [81%]). Appropriate therapy was associated with lower mortality than was inappropriate therapy (132 [38·5%] of 343 patients died vs 57 [60·6%] of 94; absolute difference 22·1% [95% CI 11·0-33·3]; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·45 [95% CI 0·33-0·62]; p<0·0001). Among those receiving appropriate therapy, 135 (39%) received combination therapy and 208 (61%) received monotherapy. Overall mortality was not different between those receiving combination therapy or monotherapy (47 [35%] of 135 vs 85 [41%] of 208; adjusted HR 1·63 [95% CI 0·67-3·91]; p=0·28). However, combination therapy was associated with lower mortality than was monotherapy in the high-mortality-score stratum (30 [48%] of 63 vs 64 [62%] of 103; adjusted HR 0·56 [0·34-0·91]; p=0·02), but not in the low-mortality-score stratum (17 [24%] of 72 vs 21 [20%] of 105; adjusted odds ratio 1·21 [0·56-2·56]; p=0·62). INTERPRETATION: Appropriate therapy was associated with a protective effect on mortality among patients with BSIs due to CPE. Combination therapy was associated with improved survival only in patients with a high mortality score. Patients with BSIs due to CPE should receive active therapy as soon as they are diagnosed, and monotherapy should be considered for those in the low-mortality-score stratum. FUNDING: Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases, European Development Regional Fund, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Innovative Medicines Initiative.

Development and validation of the INCREMENT-ESBL predictive score for mortality in patients with bloodstream infections due to extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are frequent yet outcome prediction rules for clinical use have not been developed. The objective was to define and validate a predictive risk score for 30 day mortality. Methods: A multinational retrospective cohort study including consecutive episodes of BSI due to ESBL-E was performed; cases were randomly assigned to a derivation cohort (DC) or a validation cohort (VC). The main outcome variable was all-cause 30 day mortality. A predictive score was developed using logistic regression coefficients for the DC, then tested in the VC. Results: The DC and VC included 622 and 328 episodes, respectively. The final multivariate logistic regression model for mortality in the DC included age >50 years (OR = 2.63; 95% CI: 1.18-5.85; 3 points), infection due to Klebsiella spp. (OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.21-3.58; 2 points), source other than urinary tract (OR = 3.6; 95% CI: 2.02-6.44; 3 points), fatal underlying disease (OR = 3.91; 95% CI: 2.24-6.80; 4 points), Pitt score >3 (OR = 3.04; 95 CI: 1.69-5.47; 3 points), severe sepsis or septic shock at presentation (OR = 4.8; 95% CI: 2.72-8.46; 4 points) and inappropriate early targeted therapy (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.58-4.63; 2 points). The score showed an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.85 in the DC and 0.82 in the VC. Mortality rates for patients with scores of < 11 and ≥11 were 5.6% and 45.9%, respectively, in the DC, and 5.4% and 34.8% in the VC. Conclusions: We developed and validated an easy-to-collect predictive scoring model for all-cause 30 day mortality useful for identifying patients at high and low risk of mortality.

A Predictive Model of Mortality in Patients With Bloodstream Infections due to Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a score to predict mortality in patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multinational retrospective cohort study (INCREMENT project) was performed from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2013. Patients with clinically relevant monomicrobial BSIs due to CPE were included and randomly assigned to either a derivation cohort (DC) or a validation cohort (VC). The variables were assessed on the day the susceptibility results were available, and the predictive score was developed using hierarchical logistic regression. The main outcome variable was 14-day all-cause mortality. The predictive ability of the model and scores were measured by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated for different cutoffs of the score. RESULTS: The DC and VC included 314 and 154 patients, respectively. The final logistic regression model of the DC included the following variables: severe sepsis or shock at presentation (5 points); Pitt score of 6 or more (4 points); Charlson comorbidity index of 2 or more (3 points); source of BSI other than urinary or biliary tract (3 points); inappropriate empirical therapy and inappropriate early targeted therapy (2 points). The score exhibited an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74-0.85) in the DC and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.73-0.88) in the VC. The results for 30-day all-cause mortality were similar. CONCLUSION: A validated score predictive of early mortality in patients with BSIs due to CPE was developed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01 764490.

A Multinational, Preregistered Cohort Study of ß-Lactam/ß-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to Extended-Spectrum-ß-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae.

The spread of extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) is leading to increased carbapenem consumption. Alternatives to carbapenems need to be investigated. We investigated whether ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor (BLBLI) combinations are as effective as carbapenems in the treatment of bloodstream infections (BSI) due to ESBL-E. A multinational, retrospective cohort study was performed. Patients with monomicrobial BSI due to ESBL-E were studied; specific criteria were applied for inclusion of patients in the empirical-therapy (ET) cohort (ETC; 365 patients), targeted-therapy (TT) cohort (TTC; 601 patients), and global cohort (GC; 627 patients). The main outcome variables were cure/improvement rate at day 14 and all-cause 30-day mortality. Multivariate analysis, propensity scores (PS), and sensitivity analyses were used to control for confounding. The cure/improvement rates with BLBLIs and carbapenems were 80.0% and 78.9% in the ETC and 90.2% and 85.5% in the TTC, respectively. The 30-day mortality rates were 17.6% and 20% in the ETC and 9.8% and 13.9% in the TTC, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) values for cure/improvement rate with ET with BLBLIs were 1.37 (0.69 to 2.76); for TT, they were 1.61 (0.58 to 4.86). Regarding 30-day mortality, the adjusted OR (95% CI) values were 0.55 (0.25 to 1.18) for ET and 0.59 (0.19 to 1.71) for TT. The results were consistent in all subgroups studied, in a stratified analysis according to quartiles of PS, in PS-matched cases, and in the GC. BLBLIs, if active in vitro, appear to be as effective as carbapenems for ET and TT of BSI due to ESLB-E regardless of the source and specific species. These data may help to avoid the overuse of carbapenems. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01764490.).

Ertapenem for the treatment of bloodstream infections due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: a multinational pre-registered cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Data about the efficacy of ertapenem for the treatment of bloodstream infections (BSI) due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are limited. We compared the clinical efficacy of ertapenem and other carbapenems in monomicrobial BSI due to ESBL-E. METHODS: A multinational retrospective cohort study (INCREMENT project) was performed (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01764490). Patients given monotherapy with ertapenem or other carbapenems were compared. Empirical and targeted therapies were analysed. Propensity scores were used to control for confounding; sensitivity analyses were performed in subgroups. The outcome variables were cure/improvement rate at day 14 and all-cause 30 day mortality. RESULTS: The empirical therapy cohort (ETC) and the targeted therapy cohort (TTC) included 195 and 509 patients, respectively. Cure/improvement rates were 90.6% with ertapenem and 75.5% with other carbapenems (P = 0.06) in the ETC and 89.8% and 82.6% (P = 0.02) in the TTC, respectively; 30 day mortality rates were 3.1% and 23.3% (P = 0.01) in the ETC and 9.3% and 17.1% (P = 0.01) in the TTC, respectively. Adjusted ORs (95% CI) for cure/improvement with empirical and targeted ertapenem were 1.87 (0.24-20.08; P = 0.58) and 1.04 (0.44-2.50; P = 0.92), respectively. For the propensity-matched cohorts it was 1.18 (0.43-3.29; P = 0.74). Regarding 30 day mortality, the adjusted HR (95% CI) for targeted ertapenem was 0.93 (0.43-2.03; P = 0.86) and for the propensity-matched cohorts it was 1.05 (0.46-2.44; P = 0.90). Sensitivity analyses were consistent except for patients with severe sepsis/septic shock, which showed a non-significant trend favouring other carbapenems. CONCLUSIONS: Ertapenem appears as effective as other carbapenems for empirical and targeted therapy of BSI due to ESBL-E, but further studies are needed for patients with severe sepsis/septic shock.

Significado clínico del aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus en muestras de orina / Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus in urine

Introducción Evaluación del significado clínico del aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus en muestras de orina. Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en pacientes adultos identificados, entre los años 2000 y 2009, de la base de datos de microbiología en un hospital general de 200 camas. Se revisaron variables demográficas, comorbilidad y factores de riesgo, especialmente los vinculados con el aislamiento concomitante de S. aureus en sangre. Resultados La frecuencia de S. aureus en muestras de orina positivas fue del 0,63%. Cuarenta y tres pacientes fueron identificados, con una edad promedio de 68,7 años (DE ± 16), de los cuales el 58,1% fueron varones. Un índice de comorbilidad de Charlson > 3 se observó en el 20,9%. La presencia de bacteriemia simultánea se observó en el 48,8%. Se distinguieron 2 grupos de pacientes según tuvieran bacteriemia concomitante (n = 21) o no (n = 22). La instrumentación de la vía urinaria predijo significativamente (p = 0,00004) la bacteriuria sin bacteriemia (81,8%) comparada con casos bacteriémicos (19%). La mortalidad atribuible fue del 47,6% en los casos con bacteriemia comparada con los no bacteriémicos (sin muertes), aun cuando el tratamiento antibiótico adecuado fue más frecuente entre los pacientes con bacteriemia (92 y 60%, respectivamente). Conclusiones La presencia de S. aureus en orina se acompaña de bacteriemia en la mitad de los casos, y la ausencia de instrumentación previa aumenta esa posibilidad al 81%. La bacteriemia concomitante alerta sobre un peor pronóstico aun con tratamiento adecuado(AU)

Introduction To evaluate the clinical significance of the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in urine samples. Methods A retrospective study was performed on adult patients identified from a microbiology database in a 200-bed general hospital between the years 2000 and 2009. The demographic data, comorbidities, and risk factors, were reviewed, particularly those associated with the concomitant isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. Results The frequency of S. aureus found in urine samples was 0.63%. A total of 43 patients (mean age 68.7 years [SD ± 16], and 58.1% males) were identified in the database. A Charlson comorbidity index > 3 was observed in 20.9%. Concurrent bacteremia was seen in 48.8%. Two groups of patients were distinguished: with concomitant bacteremia (n = 21) or without (n = 22). Intervention in the urinary tract significantly predicted (P = .00004) bacteriuria without bacteremia (81.8%), compared to bacteremia cases (19%). The attributable mortality was 47.6% in patients with bacteremia compared to non-bacteremia (no deaths), even though the appropriate antibiotic treatment was more frequent among patients with bacteremia (92% and 60%, respectively). Conclusion The presence of S. aureus in urine was accompanied by bacteremia in half of the cases, but in patients without previous urinary tract intervention such a possibility increased to 81%. Concomitant bacteremia predicts a worse prognosis even with appropriate treatment(AU)

[Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus in urine]. / Significado clínico del aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus en muestras de orina.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the clinical significance of the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in urine samples. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on adult patients identified from a microbiology database in a 200-bed general hospital between the years 2000 and 2009. The demographic data, comorbidities, and risk factors, were reviewed, particularly those associated with the concomitant isolation of S.aureus in blood cultures. RESULTS: The frequency of S.aureus found in urine samples was 0.63%. A total of 43 patients (mean age 68.7 years [SD±16], and 58.1% males) were identified in the database. A Charlson comorbidity index >3 was observed in 20.9%. Concurrent bacteremia was seen in 48.8%. Two groups of patients were distinguished: with concomitant bacteremia (n=21) or without (n=22). Intervention in the urinary tract significantly predicted (P=.00004) bacteriuria without bacteremia (81.8%), compared to bacteremia cases (19%). The attributable mortality was 47.6% in patients with bacteremia compared to non-bacteremia (no deaths), even though the appropriate antibiotic treatment was more frequent among patients with bacteremia (92% and 60%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The presence of S.aureus in urine was accompanied by bacteremia in half of the cases, but in patients without previous urinary tract intervention such a possibility increased to 81%. Concomitant bacteremia predicts a worse prognosis even with appropriate treatment.

[Mycobacterium fortuitum: two patients and the same surgeon]. / Mycobacterium fortuitum: dos pacientes y un mismo cirujano.

We describe two cases of surgical site infections due to Mycobacterium fortuitum after plastic surgery. Both patients were assisted by the same surgeon on differents hospitals. Both patients received combined antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement or multiple aspirative punctures. The final evolutions were satisfactory.

[Quinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from humans and from poultry]. / Cepas de Campylobacter jejuni resistentes a quinolonas aisladas de humanos, gallinas y pollos.

Eight quinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from humans with diarrheal disease were compared with 23 isolates from chicken and from laying hens. Samples were cultured on selective agar in microaerophilia, identified by conventional tests, and conserved in 17% glycerol at -70 C. Clones were determined by RAPD-PCR employing the 1254 primer (Stern NJ). Five patterns were obtained. Patterns I, II, and V were found in both poultry and human isolates. Pattern I was obtained from poultry in a domestic henhouse. Pattern III was only obtained from humans whereas pattern IV was only obtained from poultry. A 95.3% of clones were found in both, humans and poultry. According to these results colonization by quinolone resistant strains could be the origin of this human infection, acquired by ingestion.

Cepas de Campylobacter jejuni resistentes a quinolonas aisladas de humanos, gallinas y pollos / Quinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from humans and from poultry

Se compararon 8 aislamientos de Campylobacter jejuni provenientes de humanos con enfermedad diarreica aguda, con 23 aislamientos de cloaca de gallinas y pollos obtenidos de zonas próximas a la ciudad de Rosario, todos resistentes a la ciprofloxacina. Las muestras se sembraron en agar selectivo y se incubaron en microaerofilia a 42 °C. Las colonias se identificaron con el método tradicional. Los aislamientos se conservaron a -70 °C en caldo cerebro corazón con 17% v/v de glicerina. La clonalidad se determinó por RAPD-PCR, utilizando el primer 1254 (Stern NJ). Se interpretaron los aislamientos como clones distintos cuando diferían en una banda de amplificación. Se obtuvieron 5 clones diferentes. Los patrones I, II y V fueron aislados en criaderos industriales de pollos y en humanos (el II también en un establecimiento de gallinas ponedoras de huevos). En un gallinero familiar se obtuvo el patrón I. El patrón III sólo se obtuvo de humanos. El patrón IV se halló en uno de los criaderos pero no en humanos. Se pudo determinar que 93.5% de las cepas se aislaron tanto de animales como de humanos, por lo que se considera posible que la colonización de criaderos con cepas resistentes a los antimicrobianos pudiera ser el origen de la infección de humanos.

Eight quinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from humans with diarrheal disease were compared with 23 isolates from chicken and from laying hens. Samples were cultured on selective agar in microaerophilia, identified by conventional tests, and conserved in 17% glycerol at -70 °C. Clones were determined by RAPD-PCR employing the 1254 primer (Stern NJ). Five patterns were obtained. Patterns I, II, and V were found in both poultry and human isolates. Pattern I was obtained from poultry in a domestic henhouse. Pattern III was only obtained from humans whereas pattern IV was only obtained from poultry. A 95.3% of clones were found in both, humans and poultry. According to these results colonization by quinolone resistant strains could be the origin of this human infection, acquired by ingestion.

Infecciones postoperatorias en artroscopia de hombro en presentación tardía / Postoperative deep infections after shoulder arthroscopy

Actualmente existe escasa literatura sobre las infecciones postoperatorias de artróscopias de hombro. Más aún, no hemos encontrado trabajos sobre infecciones de aparición tardía. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis clínico, infecto lógico y terapéutico en infecciones postoperatorias de aparición tardía en cirugías artrosópicas de hombro. Se evaluaron 6 pacientes de manera retrospectiva, con un seguimiento promedio de 31,2 meses, teniendo en cuenta las historias clínicas, los parámetros de laboratorio, las imágenes y los cultivos. Mientras que los resultados clinicos fueron medidos por goniometrias y el dolor por su escala análoga. Todos los pacientes presentaron dolor y alteración de los rangos de movilidad al momento de diagnóstico, y ninguno presentó síntomas generales (fiebre o sudoración), o fistula. Los gérmenes cultivados fueron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo, Propionibacterium acnés, Staphylococcus aureus y Enterobacter cloacae. Los parámetros de laboratorio no mostraron grandes cambios en relación a los parámetros de normalidad, solamente la eritrosedimentación se encontró levemente aumentada. Los pacientes a pesar de haberse considerados curados desde el punto de vista infectológico, y de no presentar dolor, los rangos de movilidad se encontraron disminuídos notoriamente. En 5 de los 6 pacientes se encontraron signos radiológicos de artrosis gleno-humeral. El diagnóstico de esta patología suele ser dificultoso, ya que se presenta de forma larvada, pero debe sospecharse en pacientes que presentan dolor desmedido y dificultad persistente a la rehabilitación, ya que las secuelas de esta patología suele ser devastadora para el hombro.

Infecciones postoperatorias en artroscopia de hombro en presentación tardía / Postoperative deep infections after shoulder arthroscopy

Actualmente existe escasa literatura sobre las infecciones postoperatorias de artróscopias de hombro. Más aún, no hemos encontrado trabajos sobre infecciones de aparición tardía. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis clínico, infecto lógico y terapéutico en infecciones postoperatorias de aparición tardía en cirugías artrosópicas de hombro. Se evaluaron 6 pacientes de manera retrospectiva, con un seguimiento promedio de 31,2 meses, teniendo en cuenta las historias clínicas, los parámetros de laboratorio, las imágenes y los cultivos. Mientras que los resultados clinicos fueron medidos por goniometrias y el dolor por su escala análoga. Todos los pacientes presentaron dolor y alteración de los rangos de movilidad al momento de diagnóstico, y ninguno presentó síntomas generales (fiebre o sudoración), o fistula. Los gérmenes cultivados fueron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo, Propionibacterium acnés, Staphylococcus aureus y Enterobacter cloacae. Los parámetros de laboratorio no mostraron grandes cambios en relación a los parámetros de normalidad, solamente la eritrosedimentación se encontró levemente aumentada. Los pacientes a pesar de haberse considerados curados desde el punto de vista infectológico, y de no presentar dolor, los rangos de movilidad se encontraron disminuídos notoriamente. En 5 de los 6 pacientes se encontraron signos radiológicos de artrosis gleno-humeral. El diagnóstico de esta patología suele ser dificultoso, ya que se presenta de forma larvada, pero debe sospecharse en pacientes que presentan dolor desmedido y dificultad persistente a la rehabilitación, ya que las secuelas de esta patología suele ser devastadora para el hombro.(AU)

[High relationship between ciprofloxacin use and prevalence of ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae]. / Alta correlación entre el consumo de ciprofloxacina y la prevalencia de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido.

BACKGROUND: To assess the relationship between ciprofloxacin use and the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Semestral mean values regarding use of antibiotic and prevalence of ESBL Kp were compared during 9 semesters using linear regression and coefficient of correlation. RESULTS: The only statistically significant correlation was ciprofloxacin use and ESBL(+) K. pneumoniae prevalence, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.86 and p = 0.0027 using linear regression. CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofloxacin use must be taking into account when considering infection control programs due to high prevalence rates of ESBL(+) K. pneumoniae in the hospital setting.

Alta correlación entre el consumo de ciprofloxacina y la prevalencia de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido / High relationship between ciprofloxacin use and prevalence of ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae

Background: To assess the relationship between ciprofloxacin use and the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients and Methods: Semestral mean values regarding use of antibiotic and prevalence of ESBL Kp were compared during 9 semesters using linear regression and coefficient of correlation. Results: The only statistically significant correlation was ciprofloxacin use and ESBL(+) K. pneumoniae prevalence, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.86 and p = 0.0027 using linear regression. Conclusions: Ciprofloxacin use must be taking into account when considering infection control programs due to high prevalence rates of ESBL(+) K. pneumoniae in the hospital setting.

Fundamento: Evaluar la correlación entre el consumo de cefalosporinas de tercera generación y ciprofloxacina con la prevalencia de cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae productoras de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Pacientes y Métodos: Los valores promedios semestrales, correspondientes a consumo y prevalencia se compararon durante 9 semestres, usando coeficiente de correlación y regresión lineal. Resultados: La única asociación que resultó estadísticamente significativa, fue la correspondiente al consumo de ciprofloxacina y K. pneumoniae BLEE (+), con un coeficiente de correlación de 0,86 y una p de 0,0027, en el análisis de regresión lineal. Conclusiones: El consumo de ciprofloxacina debe ser tenido en cuenta al momento de establecer programas de control de infecciones frente a elevadas tasas de prevalencia de K. pneumoniae productoras de BLEE en un hospital.

[Risk factors associated with ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection]. / Factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistentes a ceftacidima.

INTRODUCTION: Risk factors associated with ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CAZ-R Kp) infection may vary among hospitals and in the same hospital at different time points. Knowledge of these factors is required to establish suitable infection control programs. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted to assess risk factors for CAZ-R Kp infection. Thirty-two cases were compared with 28 controls admitted to a 200-bed general hospital during 1999 and 2000. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis Kp CAZ-R isolates were significantly associated with nosocomial acquisition (OR 5 17.40), prior antibiotic use (OR 5 14.94), particularly ciprofloxacin use (OR 5 5), and hospitalization stay of more than 6 days (OR 5 6.72). Significantly associated variables in the logistic regression analysis included nosocomial acquisition (OR 5 9.29), prior antibiotic use (OR 5 6.21), and particularly, ciprofloxacin use (OR 5 10.84). CONCLUSIONS: Efforts toward more rational overall antibiotic use and particularly ciprofloxacin use, combined with infection control measures are necessary to decrease the prevalence of CAZ-R Kp in our hospital.

Factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistentes a ceftacidima / Risk factors associated with ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los factores de riesgo asociados a las infecciones debidas a Klebsiella pneumoniae resistentes a ceftacidima (CAZ-R) pueden variar entre las instituciones y en el tiempo. El conocimiento de factores propios son de relevancia para adecuar los programas de control de infecciones de los diferentes hospitales. MÉTODOS. Se utilizó un estudio de casos y controles para investigar los asociados a las infecciones debidas a K. pneumoniae CAZ-R. Se compararon 32 casos con 28 controles ingresados en un hospital general de 200 camas y complejidad intermedia, durante los años 1999 y 2000.RESULTADOS. En el análisis univariado el aislamiento de K. pneumoniae CAZ-R se asoció significativamente con la adquisición nosocomial (odds ratio [OR], 17,40), uso previo de antibióticos (OR, 14,94) especialmente ciprofloxacino (OR, 5) y el tiempo ingreso-muestra superior a 6 días (OR, 6,72). Al aplicar regresión logística sólo alcanzaron significación la adquisición nosocomial (OR, 9,29), el uso previo de antibióticos (OR, 6,21) y particularmente el uso de ciprofloxacino (OR, 10,84).CONCLUSIONES. Nuestro hospital debe realizar esfuerzos tendientes a reducir el consumo de antibióticos, sobre todo ciprofloxacino, junto con otras medidas de control de infecciones como estrategia para reducir la prevalencia de K. pneumoniae CAZ-R (AU)

[Effect of alcohol-gel hand hygiene on nosocomial infections due to multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae]. / Efecto del uso de alcohol en gel sobre las infecciones nosocomiales por Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistente.

Handwashing is considered the most important and effective infection control measure to prevent transmission of nosocomial pathogens. However, compliance with handwashing by health care workers is low. A new modality for hand hygiene is alcohol gel rub, which reduces time required, does not damage the skin and increases health care workers compliance. An observational study was conducted to assess the effect of alcohol-gel hand antiseptic on infection rates due to the 3 more frequent multi-resistant bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in our hospital. Two periods were compared, 12 months before and 12 months after starting alcohol gel use. The second period (AG use) showed a significant reduction on incidence rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae with extended spectrum betalactamase (RR: 0.38) overall infections and specially bacteremias (RR: 0.10). Nevertheless, on the basis of this study, we cannot conclude that the result was due to AG itself or to an increase in hand-hygiene compliance.